Fabrication of moat resistor ram cell utilizing polycrystalline deposition and etching

ABSTRACT

A RAM cell having a pair of transistors formed in two adjacent wells laterally separated from each other and surrounded laterally by a common doped polycrystalline semiconductor moat. Dielectrical insulation separate the wells from the moat. The moat is discontinuous, forming thereby a pair of resistors connected together at one end and disconnected at the discontinuity. Surface contacts bridge adjacent areas of the well and the moat which are of the same conductivity type whereby the moat forms the load resistor for the transistor. Each transistor includes a second emitter. 
     First level interconnects include a first interconnect interconnecting an emitter from each transistor, a second interconnect parallel to the first contacting the connected end of the moat resistors, a pair of interconnects each interconnecting the bridge contact of one transistor to the base of the other, and a pair of contacts for the other emitter regions. Second level interconnects include a pair of parallel interconnects connected to a respective emitter contact and orthogonal to the first interconnect. 
     A method of fabrication is also described.

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 953,137, filed Oct. 20, 1978.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to RAM memory cells and more specifically to forming the load resistors of the RAM cells.

Area has always been a prime consideration in the formation of integrated circuits especially memory cells since they form a part of an overall matrix. In addition to the surface area needed for the formation of the integrated circuits, or memory cells themselves, the overall layout is also a function of the metallization pattern for the interconnection of the cells to each other and to external circuits. One solution to reduce the surface metallization pattern, is to use the isolation moats as conductors by filling them with metallic material. Typical examples are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,932,927 and 4,037,306. Similarly, the connection between metallized patterns on both surfaces of the substrate and buried layers using conductive semiconductive material in the isolation moats are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,462,650 and 3,913,124. The connection to buried layers in dielectrically isolated circuits using polycrystalline conductors is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,237.

Although the prior art has recognized the use of the moats in dielectrical isolation as conductors, it has failed to recognize the use of the moats as resistors in an integrated circuit and more specifically as the load resistors in a RAM cell. The prior art generally forms the load resistors of RAM cells as pinched resistors in epitaxial layers or as pinch base resistors. Each of these pinched resistors requires a surface area and thus does not necessarily use space effectively.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a RAM cell wherein the two load resistors constitute the doped polycrystalline semiconductor moat which forms a part of the dielectric isolation barriers. The moat separates and surrounds the lateral edges of the two transistors of the RAM cell formed in adjacent wells. Dielectric insulation separates the doped polycrystalline silicon from the wells. The wells and the doped polycrystalline moats have the same conductivity type and a common surface contact is made between adjacent areas of the well and the moat. The moat forms a pair of resistors connected at one end to a common point and are disconnected at their other ends by a discontinuity in the moat. The discontinuity prevents a conduction path between the contact areas of the two well areas.

Two levels of interconnects are provided interconnecting areas of the cell to each other and to adjacent cells. The first level includes an interconnect bridging the common contact area of the substrate well and moat resistor and interconnecting it to the base of the other well; an interconnect interconnecting a first emitter of each well to each other and to adjacent cells; an interconnect parallel to the emitter interconnect interconnecting the connected ends of the moat resistors to adjacent cells; and individual contacts for second emitters in each well. The second level of interconnects include two parallel interconnects orthogonal to the interconnect of the first emitters for interconnecting the second emitter contacts to adjacent cells. The two levels of interconnects and contacts are separated from each other and the integrated circuit by dielectric insulation.

The method of fabricating the moat resistors of the present invention includes forming an epitaxial layer of a first conductivity type on a substrate of a second conductivity type, forming moats in the epitaxial layer which extend into the substrate, forming dielectric insulation on the epitaxial surface and in the moats, filling the moats with doped polycrystalline semiconductor material, polishing the wafer surface until polycrystalline material is contained only in the moat regions. Portions of the polycrystalline material in the moats are removed so as to create a pair of moat resistors connected at one end and disconnected at the other end. Transistor are formed in the well regions. Interconnects are formed bridging adjacent portions of the moat resistors and connecting the bridged portion to the base region of the transistor in the adjacent well. Additional interconnects are formed in two levels to provide for connection of the cell to common control lines in a matrix.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a RAM cell which incorporates moat load resistors.

Another object is to provide load resistors for RAM cells which would require a minimum of additional processing over the formation of the dielectric isolation.

A further object of the invention is to provide a RAM cell which requires almost no additional space for the formation of the load resistors.

A still further object is to provide a RAM cell with moat resistors which reduces the area required for two level interconnects.

Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a RAM cell.

FIG. 2 is a topological view of a RAM cell incorporating the principles of the present invention having moat load resistors.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 3--3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a prospective view of FIG. 2 without the interconnects.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 5--5 of FIG. 2 illustrating the method of fabrication of the RAM cell incorporating the principles of the present invention as illustrated in FIGS. 2-4.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1, which illustrates a RAM cell having transistors Q₁ and Q₂ and load resistors R₁ and R₂, respectively. A common word line A makes contact to one end of the two resistors R₁ and R₂. The other end of resistor R₁ is connected by interconnect B to the collector 12 of Q₁ and the base 20 of Q₂. Similarly, the other end of resistor R₂ is connected by interconnect C to the collector 22 of Q₂ and the base 10 of Q₁. Line F constitutes a common emitter line connected to the emitters 16 and 26 of transistor Q₁ and Q₂, respectively. A second emitter 14 of Q₁ is connected to a separate emitter line D and a second emitter 24 of transistor Q₂ is connected to a separate emitter line E.

The specific implementation of the circuit schematic of FIG. 1 into an integrated circuit incorporating the principles of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 2-5. The interconnect B bridges a portion of the collector 12 of transistor Q₁ and adjacent area of the moat resistor R₁ at a common contact region 13 and is further connected to the base contact region 21 of transistor Q₂. Similarly, the interconnect C bridges adjacent areas of the collector 22 of transistor Q₂ and the moat resistor R₂ at common contact region 23 and is further connected to base contact region 11 of transistor Q₁. The surface contact regions 13 and 23 are illustrated also in FIG 4. Interconnect F for common emitters 26 and 16 and the common resistor or word line A are essentially parallel to each other. Emitter contacts D and E which are essentially parallel to each other and orthogonal to the common resistor and common emitter interconnects A and F, respectively. The contacts and interconnects A-F form a first level of metallization. Lines G and H, which are orthogonal to A and F, are connected to contacts D and E and form a second level of metallization. A layer of insulative material 30 separates the two levels of metallization from each other. Openings 60 and 61 in the insulative layer 30 connect the second level, G and H, metal to the first level metal at D and E.

The resistors R₁ and R₂ comprise polycrystalline semiconductive material moats 32 which are doped with the same conductivity type as the collector regions 12 and 22 of the transistors Q₁ and Q₂. The common moat for resistors R₁ and R₂ are connected to the interconnect A at contact area 36. The portions of the doped polycrystalline moat material are removed at 38 and 40 to form a discontinuity so as to prevent a collector resistance path through the moat between collectors 12 of transistor Q₁ and 22 of collector Q₂. The impurity concentration of the moat determines the value of the resistors and to a lessor extent, the placement of contacts B and C also effect the value of the resistors.

It should be noted that none of the interconnects pass over the voids 38 and 40 in the moat.

The process of fabrication begins with a wafer of semiconductor material 42 having, for example, P-type conductivity. This material may, for example, be silicon having a resistivity of 1 ohm-centimeter. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 5, buried layer N⁺ regions 44 are conventionally formed and an N-type epitaxial layer 48 is grown to form collectors 12 and 22. A mask is applied to the top surface of the wafer and moat regions 45 are formed therein by, for example, etching. The moats and the top surface of the wafer 42 are covered by a layer of insulation 46 which may be, for example, silicon dioxide formed by oxidizing the wafer surface. After forming the insulative layer 45, the moats 45 are then filled with polycrystalline semiconductor material being doped with impurities of the same conductivity type as the epitaxial layer 48. The doped polycrystalline material may be formed by vapor growth. The surface of the wafer is then polished until the doped polycrystalline material is contained only in the moat regions as structure 32. The substrate at this stage is oxidized to form an insulative layer over the polycrystalline material as an extension of insulation 46.

A mask is formed to delineate portions 38 and 40 of the doped polycrystalline material which are then removed by, for example, etching. This provides a plurality of wells or surface regions of the wafer laterally separated by moat regions 45 and are isolated from each other by insulative layer 46. Additonally a plurality of doped polycrystalline material regions in the moat are made to be discontinuous from one another except where an electrical common point exists, and form the resistors of the cell.

The transistors Q₁ and Q₂ are then formed in well regions 12 and 22 respectively of layer 48. A mask is formed over the substrate to delineate and expose the areas in which the base regions are to be formed. Impurities are introduced and diffused into the substrate through the mask apertures to form P⁺ base regions 10 and 20. Next a mask layer is applied and delineated to expose the areas in which the emitter contact regions and common collector-moat resistor contact regions are formed. The etchant used for the delineation removes only the insulative layer 46 and not the substrate nor the polycrystalline moats. A cross-section for transistor Q₂ is illustrated in FIG. 5. Note the discontinuity under contact C. Impurities are introduced and diffused to form N⁺ emitter regions 14, 16 and 24, 26, common collector-moat resistor contact regions 13 and 23 of transistors Q₁ and Q₂ respectively, and common moat resistor contact region 36. The emitter, common collector-moat resistor, and common moat resistor contact regions, are washed to remove any oxide formed during the diffusion and apertures are formed in the oxide 30 to expose base contact regions 11 and 21 of the transistors Q₁ and Q₂ respectively.

A first layer of metal is applied and delineated to form first level interconnects A, B, C, and F and contacts D, and E. A second layer of insulation is deposited and openings are made to expose contacts D and E. A second layer of metal is applied and delineated to form parallel lines G and H contacting D and E respectively which are orthogonal to lines A and F. It should be noted that no metal is allowed to pass over the regions 38 and 40 where the doped polycrystalline material 32 has been removed from the moat.

From the preceding description of the preferred embodiments, it is evident that the objects of the invention are obtained by a RAM cell having moat resistors. Although the invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be take by way of limitation. The spirit and scope of this invention is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method of fabricating moat resistors in an integrated circuit comprising:forming moats in a surface of a doped semiconductor material substrate; forming a layer of dielectric insulation in said moats; filling said moats with doped polycrystalline semiconductor material; and removing portions of said doped polycrystalline material in said moat to form distinct doped polycrystalline resistors in said moats, said dielectric isolation isolating said resistors from said substrate and laterally isolating surface regions of said substrate from each other.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said forming said moats includes forming a common moat to laterally surround and divide two surface regions of said substrate, and said removing portions of said doped polycrystalline material in said common moat to create two moat resistors connected together at one end and disconnected at their other end.
 3. The method of claim 2 including forming a transistor in each of said two surface regions of said substrate and forming surface interconnectors connecting said moat resistors as load resistors to a respective transistor.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said moat is filled with polycrystalline semiconductor material of the same conductivity type as said substrate and said interconnectors are formed bridging adjacent areas of the moat resistors and the two surface regions of said substrate.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said moat is filled with polycrystalline semiconductor material of the same conductivity type as said substrate and including forming surface interconnects bridging adjacent areas of said two surface regions of said substrate and said moat.
 6. A method of fabricating an integrated circuit memory cell comprising:forming moats in a surface of a doped semiconductor material substrate to laterally surround and divide two surface regions of said substrate; forming a layer of dielectric insulation in said moats; filling said moats with doped polycrystalline semiconductor material; removing portions of said doped polycrystalline material in said common moat to create two moat resistors connected together at one end and disconnected at this other end; and forming interconnectors connecting each moat resistor to said substrate surface regions.
 7. The method according to claim 6 including forming a transistor in each of said substrate regions including:diffusing impurities of a first conductivity type opposite a second conductivity type into said substrate to form base regions; and diffusing impurities of said second conductivity type into said base regions to form emitter regions and into said substrate and said polycrystalline material to form contact areas.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein said moat is filled with polycrystalline semiconductor material of the same conductivity type as said substrate, said contact area of a moat resistor and respective substrate region are adjacent and said interconnectors are formed bridging said adjacent contact areas of the moat resistors and the substrate.
 9. The method according to claim 8 wherein diffusing impurities of said second conductivity type forms a second emitter in each of said base regions, and said method further includes:forming a layer of insulation on said substrate; forming openings in said substrate exposing all of said emitter regions, a portion of each of said base regions, a portion of each of said surface regions of said substrate and a portion of each of said moat resistors and said connected end of said moat resistors; applying a layer of conductive material; and delineating said conductive layer to form interconnects between each moat resistor, adjacent portion of a respective substrate region and a base region of the other substrate region, interconnects between one emitter of each of substrate surface regions and interconnects to said connected end of said moat resistor.
 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein emitter interconnect is formed parallel to said connected end moat resistor interconnect.
 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein said delineating further forms first level conductive contacts for the other emitter of each substrate surface regions and the method further includes forming an insulative layer over said first conductive layer, forming openings to said contact, forming a second layer of conductive material, and delineating said second layer of conductive material to form parallel interconnects for said emitter conductive elements. 